The 5 Characteristics with Opposites

Jahr & Hams

Running of Breath

Hams - Whisper

Free running of breath

ف ح ث هـ ش خ ص س ك ت

Jahr - Apparent

Imprisoned running of breath

ب ت ج د ذ ر ز ض ط ظ ع غ ق ل م ن و ي ء

Shiddah, Bayniyyah, and Rakhawa

Sound Flow

Shiddah - Strength

Complete blockage of a running sound

أ ج د ق ط ب ك ت

Tawassut/Bayniyyah - In Between

Moderate blockage of a running sound

ل ن ع م ر

Rakhawa - Softness

Free flow of a running sound

ث ح خ ذ ز س ش ص ض ظ غ ف ه و ي ء

Isti'la & Istifal

Rear of Tongue Position

Isti'la - Elevation

Raising of rear of tongue

خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ

Istifal - Lowering

Lowering of rear of tongue

All remaining letters

Itbaq & Infitah

Middle of Tongue Position

Itbaq - Adhesion

Tongue covers roof of mouth

ص ض ط ظ

Infitah - Opening

Space between tongue and roof

All remaining letters

Idhlaq & Ismat

Pronunciation Ease

Idhlaq - Fluency

Light and quick pronunciation

ف ر م ن ل ب

Ismat - Desisting

Heavy and not quick pronunciation

All remaining letters

The 7 Characteristics without Opposites

Qalqalah - Bouncing

Bouncing sound when letter has sukoon

ق ط ب ج د

Safir - Whistling

Whistling sound during pronunciation

ص س ز

Leen - Softness

Pronunciation with ease and without exaggeration when the letter has sukoon and is preceded by fathah

و ي

Inhiraf - Drifting

Drifting of a letter away from its makhraj until it connects to a different makhraj

ل ر

Tafashi - Spreading

Spreading of air in mouth

ش

Istitaalah - Lengthening

Lengthening the sound from the back edge of the tongue to the tip

ض

Takreer - Repetition

Trilling/vibration of the tip of the tongue

ر

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